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John Ketchum's avatar

I'm 82 years old. When I was young, an American high school diploma was roughly equivalent to a college degree in most fields today. I was an above-average high school student, but wasn't valedictorian of my 13-student class. My small school offered a debate course, which I didn't take. One day in my sophomore year, all students observed in the study hall a debate on a subject that wouldn't be permitted in high schools today: segregation. My town wasn't segregated. Blacks attended my school and could patronize any business open to whites. I knew segregation existed elsewhere, but I didn't think about it because my interests at that age were confined mainly to girls, cars, and popular music. The two best debaters took the pro-segregation side. I doubt that they favored segregation, but debaters were taught to argue both sides of an issue persuasively. The two on the anti-segregation side were less skilled and, consequently, seemed to have the initial disadvantage. I thought the better debaters made as good a case as could be made for segregation, but the other side won because justice was on their side. On that day, I formed my first political opinion. From that day forward, I was a civil rights advocate. I missed the first third or half of my senior year and, to graduate with my classmates, had to carry a heavy course load, which included a correspondence course in American history. The course's authors didn't want students to merely memorize dates and events. They wanted students to think. I had to write and submit argumentative essays taking one side or the other of political issues that arose throughout history. From watching the debate I mentioned above, I inferred that my chances of getting a decent grade on my essays would be greater if I took the side I could best defend. So before I wrote a word, I'd debate myself on the issue. I'd make the best case I could for one side. Then I'd try to refute that case and make the best case I could for the other side. I'd argue the matter back and forth until one side emerged victorious. Then I'd write my essay supporting that side. Eventually, I realized I was consistently taking the side supported by people the textbook authors called “liberals.” So I decided I was a liberal. I didn't realize those “liberals” are today called “classical liberals” or “libertarians.”

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sean anderson's avatar

The Russian/Soviet multidisciplinary approach helped them be very competitive in Olympic competitions. Whereas parents in American would chose their child’s sport (baseball or football) and focus their training solely in that sport Russian athletic prospects (selected by schools not by parents) had to all do several types of training: so everyone including burly weightlifting prospects had to learn some ballet, play chess, do some team sports and some individual sports. Only after observing where each individual had comparative advantage would prospects then be assigned to a specific sport. But the weightlifter would have acquired some knowledge of balance from his exposure to ballet and some exposure to strategic thinking from playing cheese. Whereas the poor American kid being trained just to be a slugger in baseball might develop rotator-cuff injuries while still in adolescence.

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